Development and Validation of the Islamic Work Exemplary Scale in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/0020236392000Keywords:
development, Islamic exemplary, scale, validationAbstract
The ethical and moral crisis in Indonesia has spread to the work environment, as evidenced by the high level of fraud and abuse of power. This phenomenon requires effective solutions, one of which is Islamic Work Exemplification. This concept is relevant to Indonesia as a country with the largest Muslim population and aligns with universal ethical principles. The main challenge is to implement and measure these principles in daily behavior. Although many studies have shown the influence of religion on work ethics, researchers have yet to make a serious effort to develop and validate the Islamic Work Exemplary Scale. This study aims to develop, validate, and estimate the reliability of the Islamic Work Exemplary Scale. An exploratory method based on a quantitative approach was used in this study. Respondents as scale test subjects were randomly selected from as many as 453 employees from Indonesia's government and private sectors. Respondents were divided into two groups: 180 for the small-scale pilot test and 273 for the large-scale pilot test. This study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify factors and dimensions and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to prove validity and reliability. The results showed that of the 37 items tested, 31 were valid and reliable. The items formed four important aspects of Islamic work ethics: honesty, responsibility, professionalism, and religiosity. Although this study has some limitations, the results of this study are important and can be used as a basis for further research on Islamic work ethics.
References
Adeniran, A. O. (2019). Anti-corruption strategies for balanced development: A case study of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). Advanced Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.5.1.52-64
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.5.1.52-64Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and psychological measurement, 45(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012Bamigboye, Y. A. (2015). Periscoping Western Management Theories through the Lens of Islamic Ethical Principles. In International Conference on Humanities, Literature and Management (ICHLM'15) (pp. 148-151). https://doi.org/10.15242/ICEHM.ED0115050
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15242/ICEHM.ED0115050Beekun, R. I. (1997). Islamic business ethics (Nomor 2). International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Google Book.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.Google Book.
Brundle, C., Heaven, A., Brown, L., Teale, E., Young, J., West, R., & Clegg, A. (2019). Convergent validity of the electronic frailty index. Age and Ageing, 48(1), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy162
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy162Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological bulletin, 56 (2), 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016Chakraborty, R. (2017). Estimation of greatest lower bound reliability of academic delay of Gratification scale. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 7(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0702017579
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0702017579Clinkinbeard, S. S., Solomon, S. J., & Rief, R. M. (2021). Why did you become a police officer? Entry-related motives and concerns of women and men in policing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(6), 715-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854821993508
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854821993508Corruption, T. international the global coalition against. (2021). Transparency international the global coalition against corruption. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/
Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S., & Spence, L. J. (2019). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press, USA. Google Book.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/hebz/9780198810070.001.0001DeVellis, R. F. (2005). Inter-rater reliability (K. B. T.-E. of S. M. Kempf-Leonard (ed.). (317–322). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00095-5
DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage publications. Google Book.
Ehido, A., Awang, Z., Halim, B. A., & Ibeabuchi, C. (2020). Developing items for measuring quality of work life among malaysian academics: an exploratory factor analysis procedure. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83132Engelbrecht, A. S., Heine, G., & Mahembe, B. (2017). Integrity, ethical leadership, trust and work engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0237
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0237Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2011). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University Press. Google Book.
Fernández-Gómez, E., Martín-Salvador, A., Luque-Vara, T., Sánchez-Ojeda, M. A., Navarro-Prado, S., & Enrique-Mirón, C. (2020). Content validation through expert judgement of an instrument on the nutritional knowledge, beliefs, and habits of pregnant women. Nutrients, 12(4), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041136
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041136Freund, L. (2019). Transformational leadership & ethical values. Project: Technology, Society and Business. Google Scholar
Frisch, C., & Huppenbauer, M. (2014). New insights into ethical leadership: A Qualitative Investigation of the Experiences of executive ethical leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1797-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1797-9Gibson, D. E. (2004). Role models in career development: New directions for theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00051-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00051-4Guillot-Valdés, M., Guillén-Riquelme, A., & Buela-Casal, G. (2022). Content validity through expert judgment for the Depression Clinical Evaluation Test. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 22(2), 100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100292
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100292Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed). Eight Edition, Cengage: Learning EMEA. Google Book.
Hair Jr, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069Hanif, H., Mukri, M., & Susanto, I. (2022). Analysis of understanding of Islamic work ethic. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 5(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v5i1.1775
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v5i1.1775Hasan, M. (2020). Social marketing: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(4), 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-12-2016-0105
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-12-2016-0105Hassan, Z., Tnay, J. S., Sukardi Yososudarmo, S. M., & Sabil, S. (2021). The relationship between workplace spirituality and work-to-Family enrichment in selected public sector organizations in Malaysia. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(6), 4132–4150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00971-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00971-yHeryadi, A., & Subandi, S. (2021). Honesty education for children from a very early age: An Islamic perspective on psychology. Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 7(2), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v7i2.9793
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v7i2.9793Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118Hunsu, N. J., Kehinde, O. J., Oje, A. V, & Yli-Piipari, S. R. (2022). Single versus multiple resilience factors: An investigation of the dimensionality of the academic resilience scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40, 346–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211056391
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211056391Javed, B., Bashir, S., Rawwas, M. Y. A., & Arjoon, S. (2017). Islamic work ethic, innovative work behaviour, and adaptive performance: The mediating mechanism and an interacting effect. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(6), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1171830
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1171830Kamoche, K., Chizema, A., Mellahi, K., & Newenham-Kahindi, A. (2012). New directions in the management of human resources in Africa. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(14), 2825–2834. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.671504
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.671504Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. Google Book.
Krippendorff, K. (2011). Computing Krippendorff’s alpha-reliability. Google Scholar
LPMQ. (2022). Qur’an Kemenag. https://quran.kemenag.go.id/
Luo, X., Xiong, Y., Gu, M., Huang, L., Lu, Z., Zhong, X., & Zou, S. (2022). Reliability and validity of the repetitive behavior scale-revised for young Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder in Jiangxi Province. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 939841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.939841
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.939841Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Freeman, P. T., & Field, C. B. (2017). Unleashing expert judgment in assessment. Global Environmental Change, 44, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.005Matsudaira, K., Oka, H., Kawaguchi, M., Murakami, M., Fukudo, S., Hashizume, M., & Löwe, B. (2017). Development of a Japanese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8: Psychometric validity and internal consistency. General hospital psychiatry, 45, 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.12.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.12.002Murtaza, G., Abbas, M., Raja, U., Roques, O., Khalid, A., & Mushtaq, R. (2016). Impact of Islamic work ethics on organizational citizenship behaviors and knowledge-sharing behaviors. Journal of business ethics, 133, 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2396-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2396-0Pustaka, L. (2022). Ensliklopedi hadits 9 imam. In Lidwa Pustaka (hal. 1). https://store.lidwa.com/get/
Reyes, B., Fernández, I., Pérez-Belmonte, S., de los Santos, S., Tomás, J. M., & Galiana, L. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Adolescents’ Academic Motivation Scale (AAMS) in a representative sample of Dominican Republic high school students. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 38(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.451641
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.451641Rudiyanto, R., Bashori, K., & Samsudin, M. (2022). Strategy for reinforcing students’ integrity values through exemplary and advice methods of darul ulum Muhammadiyah Islamic Boarding Schools, Kulon Progo. International Journal of Social Service and Research (IJSSR), 2(6), 472–488. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i6.118
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i6.118Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2Sufiyana, Y. (2021). Pendidikan keteladanan dalam Islam (analisis QS. Al-Ahzab:21). Journal Islamic Pedagogia, 1(1), 35–40.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31943/pedagogia.v1i1.20
Sukmawati, F., Sumin, S., Istiyono, E., Widhiastuti, W., & Mardiyati, I. (2022). Muslim spiritual happiness scale: The instrument development and validation. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.2754
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.2754Sumin, S. (2022). The impact of Z-Score transformation scaling on the validity, reliability, and measurement error of Instrument SATS-36. JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi dan Pendidikan Indonesia), 11(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v11i2.26591
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v11i2.26591Tamunomiebi, M. D., & Ehior, I. E. (2019). Diversity and ethical issues in the organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2), 839–864. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i2/5620
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i2/5620Team, Q. (2014). Kamus bahasa Arab. https://www.qaamus.com/
Treviño, L. K., den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014). Ethical behavior in organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 635–660. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143745
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143745Walumbwa, F. O., Peterson, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Hartnell, C. A. (2010). An investigation of the relationships among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate, and job performance. Personnel psychology, 63(4), 937–963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01193.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01193.xWang, K., Luo, M., Li, X., Cai, Z., & Long, Y. (2023). Dimensionality reduction visualization analysis of financial data based on semantic feature group. In Third International Conference on Machine Learning and Computer Application (ICMLCA 2022) (Vol. 12636, pp. 612-618). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2675147
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2675147Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807Widana, G. O. (2021). The measurement model of Islamic work ethics for Muslim employees in the banking industry. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(5), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1297
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1297Zhang, S., McGhee, D., Zhang, S., & McGhee, D. (2017). Discourses of corruption: The Contest between different authorities. China’s Ethical Revolution and Regaining Legitimacy: Reforming the Communist Party through Its Public Servants, 65–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51496-3_4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51496-3_4Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Sumin Sumin, Heri Retnawati, Wajidi Sayadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
