Spiritual Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Nomophobia: A Randomized Controlled trial

Authors

  • Triantoro Safaria Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
  • Diana Putri Arini Universitas Khatolik Musi Charitas, Indonesia
  • Nofrans Eka Saputra Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25217/0020236404400

Keywords:

intervention, nomophobia, spiritual mindfulness

Abstract

Nomophobia has emerged as a new psychological issue in the modern world, indicating an increasing prevalence among young people. Therefore, there is a need for interventions to reduce nomophobic behavior. This study aimed to examine whether spiritual mindfulness intervention is effective in reducing individuals' levels of nomophobia. A randomized controlled trial was employed in this research, comparing pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores between the experimental and control groups. A total of 60 participants voluntarily participated in 15 sessions of spiritual mindfulness. The participants in this study are Moslem, aged between 21 to 24, consisting of 50 (83.33%) females and 10 (16.67%) males. All participants are students of a private university in Yogyakarta. Independent t-tests and general linear models were used to analyze the data. The results of this study demonstrate that spiritual mindfulness intervention has an impact on reducing individual nomophobia levels in the experimental group. Meanwhile, individuals in the control group showed an increase in their nomophobic behavior. In conclusion, spiritual mindfulness intervention is effective in reducing nomophobia levels by 70.8%, as indicated by the partial eta squared value. Further explanations of the psychological dynamics are detailed in this article.

References

Achour, M., Grine, F., Mohd Nor, M. R., & MohdYusoff, M. Y. (2015). Measuring religiosity and its effects on personal well-being: a case study of Muslim female academicians in Malaysia. J Relig Health, 54(3), 984-997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9852-0

Achour, M., Muhamad, A., Syihab, A. H., Mohd Nor, M. R., & Mohd Yusoff, M. Y. Z. (2021). Prayer Moderating Job Stress Among Muslim Nursing Staff at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). J Relig Health, 60(1), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00834-6

Adawi, M., Zerbetto, R., Re, T. S., Bisharat, B., Mahamid, M., Amital, H., Del Puente, G., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory in nomophobic subjects: insights from preliminary confirmatory factor, exploratory factor, and clustering analyses in a sample of healthy Italian volunteers. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 12, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S173282

Aguilera-Manrique, G., Marquez-Hernandez, V. V., Alcaraz-Cordoba, T., Granados-Gamez, G., Gutierrez-Puertas, V., & Gutierrez-Puertas, L. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0202953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202953

Agustina, N., Handayani, S., & Nurjanah, L. (2020). Effects of reading dhikr Asmaul Husna Ya Rahman and Ya Rahim against changes in the level of anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 012049. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2020JPhCS1517a2049A/doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012049

Ahmad, M., & Khan, S. (2016). A Model of Spirituality for Ageing Muslims. J Relig Health, 55(3), 830-843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0039-0

Al-Banna, H. (2016). Al-Ma'tsurat: Dzikir Dan Doa Rasulullah Pagi Dan Sore. Terj: Tim Pustaka Nuun. Pustaka Nuun. Google Scholar

Anshari, M., Alas, Y., & Sulaiman, E. (2019). Smartphone addictions and nomophobia among youth. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14(3), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2019.1614709

Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). J Adolesc, 56, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.003

Arifin, B. (2020). Samudra Al Fatehaa. Bina Ilmu. Google Scholar

Arness, D. C., & Ollis, T. (2022). A mixed-methods study of problematic social media use, attention dysregulation, and social media use motives. Curr Psychol, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03472-6

Arora, A., & Chakraborty, P. (2020). Diagnosis, prevalence and effects of nomophobia - A review. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112975

Arpaci, I., Balo, M., & Kozan, Ö. (2017). Individual Differences in the Relationship Between Attachment and Nomophobia Among College Students : The Mediating Role of Mindfulness. J Med Internet Res, 19(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8847

Arpaci, I., Gundogan, S., & Arpaci, I. (2020). Mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia between mindfulness and nomophobia. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2020.1856330.

Avci, E. (2022). The difference between gender in terms of nomophobia in Turkey: a meta-analysis. The European Research Journal, 8(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.865153.

Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness Training as a Clinical Intervention: A Conceptual and Empirical Review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015

Basri, M. M. (2021). 24 jam dzikir & doa Rasulullah SAW. Penerbit Biladi. Google Scholar

Bauer, A. S., & Johnson, T. J. (2018). Conceptual overlap of spirituality and religion: An item content analysis of several common measures. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 21(1), 14-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2018.1437004

Bekaroğlu, E., & Yılmaz, T. (2020). Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897.

Berdida, D. J. E., & Grande, R. A. N. (2023). Nursing students' nomophobia, social media use, attention, motivation, and academic performance: A structural equation modeling approach. Nurse Educ Pract, 70, 103645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103645

Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

Black, D. S. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions: an antidote to suffering in the context of substance use, misuse, and addiction. Subst Use Misuse, 49(5), 487-491. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.860749

Bonab, B. G., Miner, M., & Proctor, M. T. (2013). Attachment to God in Islamic Spirituality. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 7(2), 77–104. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.205

Boniel-Nissim, M., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Furstova, J., Marino, C., Lahti, H., Inchley, J., Šmigelskas, K., Vieno, A., & Badura, P. (2022). International perspectives on social media use among adolescents: Implications for mental and social well-being and substance use. Computers in Human Behavior, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107144

Bragazzi, N. L., & Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 7, 155-160. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S41386

Brown, D. R., Carney, J. S., Parrish, M. S., & John, L. (2013). Assessing Spirituality : The Relationship Between Spirituality and Mental Health. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 15(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2013.776442.

Brown, G., Medcalf-Bell, R., & Yan, Z. (2022). Phoning It in: Social Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Anxiety Reduction Motivations Predict Phone Use in Social Situations. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6153053

Burgstahler, M. S., & Stenson, M. C. (2020). Effects of guided mindfulness meditation on anxiety and stress in a pre-healthcare college student population: a pilot study. J Am Coll Health, 68(6), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1590371

Butcher, N. J., Monsour, A., Mew, E. J., Chan, A. W., Moher, D., Mayo-Wilson, E., Terwee, C. B., Chee, A. T. A., Baba, A., Gavin, F., Grimshaw, J. M., Kelly, L. E., Saeed, L., Thabane, L., Askie, L., Smith, M., Farid-Kapadia, M., Williamson, P. R., Szatmari, P., . . . Offringa, M. (2022). Guidelines for Reporting Outcomes in Trial Reports: The CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 Extension. JAMA, 328(22), 2252-2264. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.21022

Carmody, J., Reed, G., Kristeller, J., & Merriam, P. (2008). Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. J Psychosom Res, 64(4), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.015

Catone, G., Senese, V. P., Pisano, S., Siciliano, M., Russo, K., Muratori, P., Marotta, R., Pascotto, A., & Broome, M. R. (2020). The drawbacks of Information and Communication Technologies: Interplay and psychopathological risk of nomophobia and cyber-bullying, results from the bullying and youth mental health Naples study (BYMHNS). Computers in Human Behavior, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106496

Chang, Y. Y., Wang, L. Y., Liu, C. Y., Chien, T. J., Chen, I. J., & Hsu, C. H. (2018). The Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation Program on Quality of Life in Cancer Outpatients: An Exploratory Study. Integr Cancer Ther, 17(2), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735417693359

Coelho-Junior, H. J., Calvani, R., Panza, F., Allegri, R. F., Picca, A., Marzetti, E., & Alves, V. P. (2022). Religiosity/Spirituality and Mental Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Med (Lausanne), 9(May), 877213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.877213

Creswell, J. D., Pacilio, L. E., Lindsay, E. K., & Brown, K. W. (2014). Brief mindfulness meditation training alters psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 44, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.007

Dai, C., Tai, Z., & Ni, S. (2021). Smartphone Use and Psychological Well-Being Among College Students in China: A Qualitative Assessment. Front Psychol, 12(September), 708970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708970

Darvishi, M., Noori, M., Nazer, M. R., Sheikholeslami, S., & Karimi, E. (2019). Investigating Different Dimensions of Nomophobia among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 7(4), 573-578. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.138

Di, D., Cranney, S., Vaidyanathan, B., & Fitzgerald, C. A. (2023). Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health among Scientists during the Pandemic: A Four‐Country Study. Zygon®, 58(4), 815-837. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12912

Di Milia, L., Smolensky, M. H., Costa, G., Howarth, H. D., Ohayon, M. M., & Philip, P. (2011). Demographic factors, fatigue, and driving accidents: An examination of the published literature. Accid Anal Prev, 43(2), 516-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.018

Durak, H. Y. (2018). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003.

Dongre, A. S., Inamdar, I. F., & Gattani, P. L. (2017). Nomophobia: A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence and impact of cell phone on health. Natl J Community Med, 28(11), 688–693. Google Scholar

El-Menouar, Y. (2014). The five dimensions of Muslim religiosity: Results of an empirical study. Methods, Data, Analyses, 8(1), 53–78. https://doi.org/10.12758/mda.2014.003

Eldridge, S. M., Chan, C. L., Campbell, M. J., Bond, C. M., Hopewell, S., Thabane, L., Lancaster, G. A., & group, P. c. (2016). CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ, 355, i5239. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5239

Ercengiz, M., Yildiz, B., Savci, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Differentiation of self , emotion management skills , and nomophobia among smartphone users : The mediating and moderating roles of intolerance of uncertainty ARTICLE HISTORY. The Social Science Journal, 00(00), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1833148.

Foster, D. D. (2015). Contemplative Prayer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Google Scholar

Frostadottir, A. D., & Dorjee, D. (2019). Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on Symptom Change, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Rumination in Clients With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Front Psychol, 10, 1099. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099

Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Chen, Z., & Norballa, F. (2012). Self-Compassion in Iranian Muslims: Relationships With Integrative Self-Knowledge, Mental Health, and Religious Orientation. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(2), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2011.638601

Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Madani, M., & Chen, Z. J. (2016). Muslim Experiential Religiousness: Spirituality Relationships With Psychological and Religious Adjustment in Iran. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 18(4), 300-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2016.1162676

Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C., & Burke, M. T. (2001). Research and Theory Religion and Spirituality in Coping With Stress. Counseling and Values, 46(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2001.tb00202.x

Green, A. A., & Kinchen, E. V. (2021). The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress and Burnout in Nurses. J Holist Nurs, 39(4), 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211015818

Güner, T. A., & Demir, İ. (2021). Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Nomophobia , Anxiety , Self-Control in High School Students. The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21089.

Hadzic, M. (2011). Spirituality and Mental Health: Current Research and Future Directions. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13(4), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2011.616080.

Hallauer, C. J., Rooney, E. A., Billieux, J., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. (2022). Mindfulness mediates relations between anxiety with problematic smartphone use severity. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2022-1-4

Hamsyah, F., & Subandi. (2016). Dzikir and Happiness: A Mental Health Study on An Indonesian Muslim Sufi Group. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(1), 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2016.1193404

Hamsyah, F., & Subandi. (2017). Dzikir and Happiness : A Mental Health Study on An Indonesian Muslim Sufi Group Dzikir and Happiness : A Mental Health Study on An. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2016.1193404

Hanh, T. N. (2023). How to love. Parallax Press. Google Scholar

Hayman, J. W., Kurpius, S. R., Befort, C., Nicpon, M. F., Hull-Blanks, E., Sollenberger, S., & Huser, L. (2007). Spirituality among college freshmen: Relationships to self-esteem, body image, and stress. Counseling and Values, 52(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2007.tb00087.x.

Hopewell, S., Clarke, M., Moher, D., Wager, E., Middleton, P., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., & Group, C. (2008). CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med, 5(1), e20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020

Iskandar, I., & Dirhamsyah, M. (2019). The Effect of Dhikrullah on Brain Health According to Neuroscience". Asian Social Work Journal, 4(2), 71 – 77. https://doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v4i2.92.

Jahrami, H., Rashed, M., AlRasheed, M. M., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Alhaj, O., BaHammam, A. S., & Vitiello, M. V. (2021). Nomophobia is Associated with Insomnia but Not with Age, Sex, BMI, or Mobile Phone Screen Size in Young Adults. Nat Sci Sleep, 13, 1931-1941. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S335462

Jahrami, H., Trabelsi, K., Boukhris, O., Hussain, J. H., Alenezi, A. F., Humood, A., Saif, Z., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & Seeman, M. V. (2022). The Prevalence of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Nomophobia Symptoms: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Behav Sci (Basel), 13(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13010035

James, R. J. E., Dixon, G., Dragomir, M. G., Thirlwell, E., & Hitcham, L. (2023). Understanding the construction of 'behavior' in smartphone addiction: A scoping review. Addict Behav, 137(September 2022), 107503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107503

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. In. Hachette UK. Google Scholar

Kahn, J. S. (2014). Foundational Islam: Implications for Dialogue. Arena Magazine, 134, 22–26. Google Scholar

Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K. (2019). Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis, 11(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.11.1.929.

Karyadi, K., & Cyders, M. (2015). Elucidating the association between trait mindfulness and alcohol use behaviors among college students. Mindfulness, 6, 10 1007 12671–12015–10386–12677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0386-7

Kaur, A., Ani, A., Sharma, A., & Kumari, V. (2021). Nomophobia and social interaction anxiety among university students. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 15, 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100352.

Kaviani, H., Javaheri, F., & Hatami, N. (2011). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy ( MBCT ) Reduces Depression and Anxiety Induced by Real Stressful Setting in Non-clinical Population. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 285–296. Google Scholar

Keating, T. (1996). Meditative technologies: Theological ecumenism. In B. Bruteau (Ed.), The Other Half of My Soul (pp. 112–124). Quest Books. Google Scholar

Keleshteri, Z. M., & Rohani, C. (2019). Spiritual interventions in health care studies in Iran: A systematic review. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 22(4), 302-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2019.1620667

Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M. A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 33(6), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005

Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychol Behav, 12(4), 451-455. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0327

King, L. A. (2021). The science of meaning in life. Annual review of psychology, 72(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921

Koenig, H. G. (2014). Religion, spirituality, and health: A review and update. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 29(3), 19–26. Google Scholar

Kosasih, A. (2015). The Tradition for Spiritual Learning (Tariqat) through a Sequence of Holy Phrases (Tijaniyah): The Case of Darussalam Boarding School. Asian Social Science, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n21p71

Kuscu, T. D., Gumustas, F., Rodopman Arman, A., & Goksu, M. (2021). The relationship between nomophobia and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 25(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2020.1819334

Kusuma, A. N., Rahmawati, D., Lusiani, M., & Dede, R. (2020). The effect of Dhikr therapy on anxiety levels in chronic kidney failure patients that have done hemodialysis therapy in Indonesia. Enfermeria Clinica, 30, 175–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.048

Lee, S., Kim, M., Mendoza, J. S., & McDonough, I. M. (2018). Addicted to cellphones: exploring the psychometric properties between the nomophobia questionnaire and obsessiveness in college students. Heliyon, 4(11), e00895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00895

Li, X., & Hao, C. (2019). The Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Mobile Phone Dependence Among Chinese Rural Adolescents: The Role of Alexithymia and Mindfulness. Front Psychol, 10(598), 598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00598

Lin, C. Y., Potenza, M. N., Ulander, M., Brostrom, A., Ohayon, M. M., Chattu, V. K., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents. Healthcare (Basel), 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201

Lintang, G. (2021). The Relation between Physical, Mental and Spiritual Health. Academia Letters, 3322(August 2021), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.20935/al3322

Liu, Q.-Q., Zhang, D., Yang, X.-J., Zhang, C.-Y., Fan, C.-Y., & Zhou, Z.-K. (2018). Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction in Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.006.

Makin, A. (2016). Challenging Islamic orthodoxy accounts of Lia Eden and other prophets in indonesia. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38978-3

Mannion, K. H., Nolan, S. A., & Monacis, L. (2021). The effect of smartphones on anxiety: An attachment issue or fear of missing out? Cogent Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1869378

Márquez, M. A., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., & Sansó, N. (2021). The impact of a mindfulnessbased intervention on the quality of life of Spanish national police officers. Health and Social Care in the Community, 29(5), 1491–1501. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13209

Michalak, J., Schultze, M., Heidenreich, T., & Schramm, E. (2015). A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and a group version of cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy for chronically depressed patients. J Consult Clin Psychol, 83(5), 951-963. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000042

Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health. An emerging research field. Am Psychol, 58(1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.24

Mitha, K. (2018). Sufism and healing. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 21(3), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2018.1464423

Moher, D., Hopewell, S., & Schulz, K. F. (2010). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. BMJ, 2010;340:c869. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c869.

Muench, R., & Muench, C. (2020, 2020). Me Without My Smartphone? Never! Predictors of Willingness for Smartphone Separation and Nomophobia HCI International 2020 - Posters: 22nd International Conference, HCII 2020,  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50732-9_29

Musa, A. (2015). Spiritual Beliefs and Practices, Religiosity, and Spiritual Well-Being Among Jordanian Arab Muslim University Students in Jordan. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 17(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2014.957609

Nawaz, I., Sultana, I., Amjad, M. J., & Shaheen, A. (2017). Measuring the Enormity of Nomophobia Among Youth in Pakistan. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 2(3-4), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-017-0028-0

O'Hern, S., & Stephens, A. N. (2022). Mobile phone use while driving in Finland. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 90(August), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.08.018

O’Brien, O., Sumich, A., Baguley, T., & Kuss, D. J. (2022). A partial correlation network indicates links between wellbeing, loneliness, FOMO and problematic internet use in university students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2142845

Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathaway, W., Grevengoed, N., Newman, J., & Jones, W. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387404

Pivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 100(May), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013.

Popovac, M., & Hadlington, L. (2019). Exploring the role of egocentrism and fear of missing out on online risk behaviours among adolescents in South Africa. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1617171

Prameswari, A., & Yudiarso, A. (2021). Efektivitas Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy untuk Menurunkan Depresi : Meta-Analisis. Psycho Idea, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.30595/psychoidea.v19i2.9943

Pratikta, A. C. (2020). Mindfulness as an effective technique for various psychological problems: A conceptual and literature review. Journal of Professional in Guidance and Counseling, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21831/ProGCouns

Purwanto, S., Ahmad, M., Said, Z., Anganthi, N. R. N., & Zulaekah, S. (2023). Effect of Mindfulness Dhikr Breathing Therapy for Insomniacs on Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.25217/0020236368800

Reangsing, C., Punsuwun, S., & Schneider, J. K. (2021). Effects of mindfulness interventions on depressive symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud, 115, 103848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103848

Roeser, R. W., & Peck, S. C. (2009). An Education in Awareness: Self, Motivation, and Self-Regulated Learning in Contemplative Perspective. Educ Psychol, 44(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520902832376

Salleh, S., Embong, R., Noruddin, N., & Kamaruddin, Z. (2015, 2015). Spiritual coping strategies from the islamic worlview Proceedings of ICIC2015 International Conference on Empowering Islamic Civilization in the 21 Century. e-ISBN. Google Scholar

Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2016). The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00106

Shonin, E., & Van Gordon, W. (2014). Managers’ Experiences of Meditation Awareness Training. Mindfulness, 6(4), 899-909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0334-y

Soliman, H., & Mohamed, S. (2013). Effects of zikr meditation and jaw relaxation on postoperative pain, anxiety and physiologic response of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 3(2), 23–38. Google Scholar

Strauss, C., Bibby-Jones, A. M., Jones, F., Byford, S., Heslin, M., Parry, G., Barkham, M., Lea, L., Crane, R., de Visser, R., Arbon, A., Rosten, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2023). Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Supported Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Self-help Compared With Supported Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Self-help for Adults Experiencing Depression: The Low-Intensity Guided Help Through Mindfulness (LIGHTMind) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(5), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0222

Subandi, M. A., Achmad, T., Kurniati, H., & Febri, R. (2010). Spirituality , gratitude , hope and post-traumatic growth among the survivors of the 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi in Java , Indonesia. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 18(1), 19–26. Google Scholar

Sulistyawati, R. A., Probosuseno, & Setiyarini, S. (2019). Dhikr Therapy for Reducing Anxiety in Cancer Patients. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs, 6(4), 411-416. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_33_19

Sun, C., Sun, B., Lin, Y., & Zhou, H. (2022). Problematic Mobile Phone Use Increases with the Fear of Missing Out Among College Students: The Effects of Self-Control, Perceived Social Support and Future Orientation. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 15, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S345650

Sutton, G. W. (2010). Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health When Religion Becomes Evil : Five Warning Signs : Revised and Updated. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health Publication, 12(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349630903495616.

Swiatek, A. H., Szczesniak, M., & Bielecka, G. (2021). Trait Anxiety and Social Media Fatigue: Fear of Missing Out as a Mediator. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 14, 1499-1507. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S319379

Thurston, B. (1999). To Everything a Season: A Spirituality of Time. Crossroad Publishing. Google Scholar

Tomczyk, Ł., & Lizde, E. S. (2022). Nomophobia and Phubbing: Wellbeing and new media education in the family among adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Children and Youth Services Review, 137(July 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106489.

Tseng, H. W., Chou, F. H., Chen, C. H., & Chang, Y. P. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder with Multiple Episodes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021555

Valenti, G. D., Bottaro, R., & Faraci, P. (2022). Effects of Difficulty in Handling Emotions and Social Interactions on Nomophobia: Examining the Mediating Role of Feelings of Loneliness. Int J Ment Health Addict, 0123456789, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00888-w

Wang, J. L., Wang, H. Z., Gaskin, J., & Wang, L. H. (2015). role of stress and motivation in problematic smartphone use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 53,181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.005.

Williams, A. L., & Bakitas, M. (2012). Cancer family caregivers: a new direction for interventions. J Palliat Med, 15(7), 775-783. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2012.0046

Williams, J. M., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., Von Rohr, I. R., Shah, D., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., Jones, M., Radford, S., Silverton, S., Sun, Y., Weatherley-Jones, E., Whitaker, C. J., . . . Russell, I. T. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 82(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035036

Williams, M., & Penman, D. (2018). Mindfulness: A practical guide to finding peace in frantic world. Little Brown Book. Google Scholar

Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059.

Yunus, M. (2015). Kamus Arab Indonesia. YPPP AL Qur'an. Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2023-11-12

How to Cite

Safaria, T., Arini, D. P., & Saputra, N. E. (2023). Spiritual Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Nomophobia: A Randomized Controlled trial. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.25217/0020236404400